Zur Ermittlung geophysikalischer Massensignale mit Schwerefeldmissionen: Eine Analyse des gegenwärtigen Standes am Beispiel der Antarktis

Die neuen Schwerefeld-Satellitenmissionen CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload), GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) und GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) können wesentlich zur Erforschung und Beobachtung des Systems Erde beitragen. Die Antarktis als ein Schlüsselglied im globalen Klimasystem bietet dabei besondere Herausforderungen. GRACE hat hier das Potential, zeitliche Massenänderungen (unter anderem der Eismasse) zu beobachten. Methoden zur Auswertung der Missionsdaten befinden sich gegenwärtig in einem intensiven Entwicklungsprozess, zu dem die vorliegende Arbeit beitragen soll. Inhaltlicher Schwerpunkt ist die Nutzung von GRACE zur Ermittlung zeitlicher Massenvariationen in der Antarktis. Die Analysen erfolgen in erster Linie aus der Position eines Nutzers von Standard-Missionsprodukten, betreffen aber grundsätzlich den gesamten Auswerteprozess. Nach einer Einführung werden zunächst die Hintergründe der Arbeit ausgeführt (Kapitel 2), speziell die theoretischen Grundlagen zu Massen- und Schwerefeldvariationen, Phänomene geophysikalischer Massenvariationen und die neuen Schwerefeldmissionen mit ihrem Potential zur Beobachtung solcher Massenvariationen. Ein Hauptteil der Arbeit behandelt die Frage, welche Signale und Fehler in den Schwerefeldlösungen der Missionen enthalten sind (Kapitel 3). Zunächst werden dazu gegenwärtige Prozessierungskonzepte zur Erstellung von CHAMP- und GRACE-Schwerefeldlösungen skizziert und die GRACE-Monatslösungen des GeoForschungsZentrums Potsdam als ein Standard-GRACE-Produkt vorgestellt. Es folgen verschiedene Analysen zur Fehlerstruktur der Schwerefeldlösungen, wobei insbesondere die Fehlerstruktur von GRACE-Monatslösungen anhand ihres Zeitverhaltens empirisch untersucht werden. Als eine Ursache empirisch festgestellter, aber durch Fehlermodelle nicht vollständig beschriebener Fehlerstrukturen werden schließlich Alias-Effekte von unmodellierten zeitlichen Variationen auf die geschätzten räumlichen Variationen qualitativ und quantitativ beschrieben und diskutiert. Ein zweiter Hauptteil untersucht geophysikalische Rückschlüsse aus GRACE-Schwerefeldlösungen mit Anwendung auf die Schätzung antarktischer Eismassensignale (Kapitel 4). Methoden zur Schätzung von Massensignalen aus den Schwerefeldlösungen werden systematisch zusammengestellt und teilweise weiterentwickelt. Die praktische Anwendung dieser Methoden zur Schätzung von Eismassenänderungen des Antarktischen Eisschildes und seiner großen Eiseinzugsgebiete wird erklärt. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Untersuchung der unterschiedlichen Mechanismen, die zu Fehlern der geschätzten Massensignale führen, sowie auf der Abschätzung dieser Fehler. Im Lichte der gewonnenen Einsichten in die methodischen Unsicherheiten der angewandten Analysetechniken erfolgt schließlich die Präsentation und Diskussion der Ergebnisse, einschließlich eines Vergleichs mit bisher veröffentlichten Massenbilanzresultaten. Möglichkeiten zu methodischen Verbesserungen, die in den vorangegangenen Untersuchungen deutlich werden, aber über den Rahmen der Arbeit hinausgehen, werden in einem eigenen Kapitel (Kapitel 5) diskutiert. Dies betrifft sowohl solche Verbesserungen, die bereits auf der Basis der gegenwärtigen GRACE-Monatslösungen möglich sind, als auch Verbesserungen in der Generierung dieser Monatslösungen oder, allgemeiner, in der GRACE-Prozessierung. Die Kombination der GRACE-Daten mit komplementären Beobachtungen und Modellen spielt in den unterschiedlichen Stadien der GRACE-Datenanalyse eine Schlüsselrolle. In Bezug auf die Trennung antarktischer Massensignale werden Kombinationsstrategien nochmals gesondert diskutiert. Schließlich werden die Hauptergebnisse der Arbeit nochmals zusammengefasst und eingeordnet (Kapitel 6).The new gravity field satellite missions CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload), GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) can provide essential contributions to the study and the monitoring of the Earth system. Hereby, Antarctica as a key element of the climate system offers particular challenges. GRACE has the potential to observe temporal variations of masses such as ice masses, in particular. Methods to analyse the mission data are currently in a process of intensive development. The present work aims to contribute to this process. The focus is on the use of GRACE to determine temporal mass variations in Antarctica. The analyses are carried out from the viewpoint of a standard product user. Nonetheless, they concern the entire process of GRACE data analysis. After an introduction, the background of the work is explained, in particular the theoretical fundamentals of mass and gravity field variations, the phenomena of geophysical mass variations and the new gravity field missions with their potential to observe these variations (chapter 2). One main part of the work (chapter 3) treats the question which signals and errors are contained in the missions' gravity field solutions (chapter 3). Current CHAMP and GRACE processing approaches are outlined. The GRACE monthly solutions by GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam are introduced. Subsequently, different analyses about error structures of gravity field mission solutions are presented. In particular, an empirical analysis of time-variations of the GRACE monthly solutions reveals error structures which are not completely described by error models. As one cause of this discrepancy, alias effects of unmodelled temporal variations on the spatial patterns of the solutions are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively. Another main part of the work (chapter 4) investigates geophysical inferences from the GRACE monthly solutions, with Antarctica taken as a case study. Methods to estimate mass signals are systematised and partly enhanced. The practical applications of these methods for the estimation of Antarctic ice mass changes is explained. The different error mechanisms are investigated in detail, and corresponding errors are assessed. The results about Antarctic ice mass changes are then presented, compared to previous results and discussed in the light of the remaining methodological uncertainties. The studies reveal directions for methodological improvements, and so, related ideas are discussed in a separate chapter (chapter 5). They concern both the analysis of current GRACE monthly solutions and the generation of these solutions, or, more generally, the GRACE processing. The combination of GRACE data with complementary observations and models plays a key role in the different levels of GRACE data analysis. Combination strategies are, hence, once more discussed with regard to Antarctic mass signals. Finally, the main results of the work are summarised and discussed in a broader context

eine Analyse des gegenwärtigen Standes am Beispiel der Antarktis

Die neuen Schwerefeld-Satellitenmissionen CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload), GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) und GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) können wesentlich zur Erforschung und Beobachtung des Systems Erde beitragen. Die Antarktis als ein Schlüsselglied im globalen Klimasystem bietet dabei besondere Herausforderungen. GRACE hat hier das Potential, zeitliche Massenänderungen (unter anderem der Eismasse) zu beobachten. Methoden zur Auswertung der Missionsdaten befinden sich gegenwärtig in einem intensiven Entwicklungsprozess, zu dem die vorliegende Arbeit beitragen soll. Inhaltlicher Schwerpunkt ist die Nutzung von GRACE zur Ermittlung zeitlicher Massenvariationen in der Antarktis...thesi

How Different Analysis and Interpolation Methods Affect the Accuracy of Ice Surface Elevation Changes Inferred from Satellite Altimetry

Satellite altimetry has been widely used to determine surface elevation changes in polar ice sheets. The original height measurements are irregularly distributed in space and time. Gridded surface elevation changes are commonly derived by repeat altimetry analysis (RAA) and subsequent spatial interpolation of height change estimates. This article assesses how methodological choices related to those two steps affect the accuracy of surface elevation changes, and how well this accuracy is represented by formal uncertainties. In a simulation environment resembling CryoSat-2 measurements acquired over a region in northeast Greenland between December 2010 and January 2014, different local topography modeling approaches and different cell sizes for RAA, and four interpolation approaches are tested. Among the simulated cases, the choice of either favorable or unfavorable RAA affects the accuracy of results by about a factor of 6, and the different accuracy levels are propagated into the results of interpolation. For RAA, correcting local topography by an external digital elevation model (DEM) is best, if a very precise DEM is available, which is not always the case. Yet the best DEM-independent local topography correction (nine-parameter model within a 3,000 m diameter cell) is comparable to the use of a perfect DEM, which exactly represents the ice sheet topography, on the same cell size. Interpolation by heterogeneous measurement-error-filtered kriging is significantly more accurate (on the order of 50% error reduction) than interpolation methods, which do not account for heterogeneous errors

The management of HIV infection in state psychiatric hospitals

Patients with AIDS and related illnesses are entering state mental hospitals in increasing numbers. State hospitals in New York City generally did not plan for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) until the first patient appeared; however, over the past five years, approaches to managing these patients have evolved in the areas of admission policies, in-hospital care, and discharge planning. Strengthening infection control procedures through the adoption of universal precautions was the most straightforward aspect of in-hospital care. Testing for HIV and confidentiality of the test results proved most controversial. Clinical leaders urged that testing be done only with pre- and posttest counseling and only if the patient has symptoms of HIV infection, has requested the test, or has exposed others to infection. The authors describe these and other policies addressing medical care, restraint and seclusion, sexual behavior, and education and training

Assessing Short‐Term Impacts of Management Practices on N2O Emissions From Diverse Mediterranean Agricultural Ecosystems Using a Biogeochemical Model

Croplands are important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The lack of both long‐term field measurements and reliable methods for extrapolating these measurements has resulted in a large uncertainty in quantifying and mitigating N2O emissions from croplands. This is especially relevant in regions where cropping systems and farming management practices (FMPs) are diverse. In this study, a process‐based biogeochemical model, DeNitrification‐DeComposition (DNDC), was tested against N2O measurements from five cropping systems (alfalfa, wheat, lettuce, vineyards, and almond orchards) representing diverse environmental conditions and FMPs. The model tests indicated that DNDC was capable of predicting seasonal and annual total N2O emissions from these cropping systems, and the model\u27s performance was better than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission factor approach. DNDC also captured the impacts on N2O emissions of nitrogen fertilization for wheat and lettuce, of stand age for alfalfa, as well as the spatial variability of N2O fluxes in vineyards and orchards. DNDC overestimated N2O fluxes following some heavy rainfall events. To reduce the biases of simulating N2O fluxes following heavy rainfall, studies should focus on clarifying mechanisms controlling impacts of environmental factors on denitrification. DNDC was then applied to assess the impacts on N2O emissions of FMPs, including tillage, fertilization, irrigation, and management of cover crops. The practices that can mitigate N2O emissions include reduced or no tillage, reduced N application rates, low‐volume irrigation, and cultivation of nonleguminous cover crops. This study demonstrates the necessity and potential of utilizing process‐based models to quantify N2O emissions from regions with highly diverse cropping systems

Synergistic Use of Single-Pass Interferometry and Radar Altimetry to Measure Mass Loss of NEGIS Outlet Glaciers between 2011 and 2014

Mass balances of individual glaciers on ice sheets have been previously reported by forming a mass budget of discharged ice and modelled ice sheet surface mass balance or a complementary method which measures volume changes over the glaciated area that are subsequently converted to glacier mass change. On ice sheets, volume changes have been measured predominantly with radar and laser altimeters but InSAR DEM differencing has also been applied on smaller ice bodies. Here, we report for the first time on the synergistic use of volumetric measurements from the CryoSat-2 radar altimetry mission together with TanDEM-X DEM differencing and calculate the mass balance of the two major outlet glaciers of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream: Zachariæ Isstrøm and Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden (79North). The glaciers lost 3.59±1.15 G t a−1 and 1.01±0.95 G t a−1 , respectively, between January 2011 and January 2014. Additionally, there has been substantial sub-aqueous mass loss on Zachariæ Isstrøm of more than 11 G t a−1 . We attribute the mass changes on both glaciers to dynamic downwasting. The presented methodology now permits using TanDEM-X bistatic InSAR data in the context of geodetic mass balance investigations for large ice sheet outlet glaciers. In the future, this will allow monitoring the mass changes of dynamic outlet glaciers with high spatial resolution while the superior vertical accuracy of CryoSat-2 can be used for the vast accumulation zones in the ice sheet interior

Clinical Presentations of AIDS and HIV Infection in State Psychiatric Facilities

The epidemiologic, neuropsychiatric, and medical data on AIDS and HIV infection that are relevant to state psychiatric facilities are reviewed. The epidemiologic data suggest that a larger than expected number of AIDS patients may be seen in these facilities. Patients who are severely disturbed and psychotic may present to state hospitals with HIV encephalopathy. In patients who are chronically and severely ill, physical symptoms, including oral and cutaneous conditions, the HIV wasting syndrome, and lymphadenopathy, may provide early clues to HIV infection. The early neuropsychiatric and medical findings in HIV infection are discussed, and a clinical case is presented

Accounting for GIA signal in GRACE products

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observes gravitational potential anomalies that include the effects of present-day surface mass change (PDSMC)- and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA)-driven solid Earth mass redistribution. Therefore, GIA estimates from a forward model are commonly removed from GRACE to estimate PDSMC. There are several GIA models and to facilitate users in using a GIA model of their choice, both GRACE and GIA products are made available in terms of global gridded fields representing mass anomaly. GRACE-observed gravitational potential anomalies are represented in terms of equivalent water height (EWH) with a relation that accounts for an elastic solid Earth deformation due to PDSMC. However, for obtaining GIA EWH fields from GIA gravitational potential fields, two relations are being used: one that is similar to that being used for GRACE EWH and the other that does not include an elastic deformation effect. This leaves users with the possibility of obtaining different values for PDSMC with a given GRACE and GIA field. In this paper, we discuss the impact of this problem on regional mass change estimates and highlight the need for consistent treatment of GIA signals in GRACE observations

"Grenzen setzt uns nur die eigene Phantasie": Reinhard Dietrich - Versuch einer Würdigung

Beitrag zum Werdegang von Reinhard Dietrich anläßlich seines 65. Geburtstage